Pure Land Budddhism　浄土教 The Jōdo, or Pure Land, Buddhist tradition has its beginnings in three Mahayana sutras, the Larger Sutra of Immeasurable Life, the Smaller Sutra of Immeasurable Life, and the Contemplation Sutra, and Pure Land practices such as invoking the Name of Amida or contem­plating the features of the Buddha Land have been commonly employed in various schools of East Asian Buddhism. More specifically, however, Pure Land Buddhism refers to the independent Jōdo school established by Hōnen in 1175 on the principle that the nembutsu is the practice prepared for human beings by Amida, excluding all other practices as invalid.