defiled world　穢土 This world of unenlightened beings, characterized by inverted thinking and feeling, is in direct contrast to the Pure Land. The defiled world is traditionally described either as the three realms of desire, form, and formlessness, or the six courses of transmigration, namely, hellish existence, “hungry” ghosts, beasts , fighting demons, human beings, and heavenly beings. Since the unenlightened must endure the sufferings in the six courses as the consequences of their karmic past, this world is also called shaba in Japanese (from Sanskit sahā, meaning “endurance”). The motto of Heian period Pure and Buddhism, made famous by Genshin, was “Reject the defiled world and seek the Pure Land”. This suggested an irrevocable dualism between this world of suffering and the Pure Land, with the crucial juncture coming at the moment of death, when the faithful were received by the Buddha into the Pure Land. Shinran, however, understood this phrase existentially and non­jualistically, emphasizing both the transcendence of samsaric existence in shinjin here and now, in the midst of conventional life, and the attainment of supreme enlightenment at death, which is the dying to the karmic self for the person of shinjin.